Some of the TV ads for and against political candidates are not produced by the campaigns themselves. They originate with outside groups that some accuse of doing the candidates's bidding. In this segment of "How America Elects,' VOA's Jeffrey Young examines their impact.

A frame of a Swift Boat Veterans for Truth TV advertisement attacking John Kerry

In an 2004 Democtatic presidential campaign ad, nominee John Kerry said, "I am John Kerry, and I am reporting for duty!"

Senator John Kerry of Massachusetts was the Democratic Party's presidential candidate in 2004, running against incumbent Republican President George W. Bush. But in the months just before the November election, a swarm of attack ads critical of Kerry's Vietnam war military service, and his later opposition to that war, appeared on TV.

Switft Boat Veterans for Truth TV ad
Shelton White: "John Kerry betrayed the men and women he served with in Vietnam."
Joe Ponder: "He [John Kerry] dishonored his country. He most certainly did."
Bob Hildreth: "I served with John Kerry. John Kerry cannot be trusted"

These TV ads did not come from President Bush's re-election campaign. They were created by an independent political interest group called Swift Boat Veterans for Truth. And, political observers say, the ads played a part in John Kerry's loss to Mr. Bush.

Swift Boat Veterans for Truth and similar political interest groups are often called "527s" because they fall under that section of the U.S. tax code.

MoveOn advertisement from 1994 against President Bush

And, the use of 527s in campaigns cuts across partisan lines. In 2004, a group called MoveOn launched attack TV ads against President Bush and his policies.

MoveOn Anti-Bush 'Santa Claus' TV ad
"Christmas is coming early to George Bush's big contributors. Drug companies got high prices in the Medicare [health coverage] bill. Defense companies got no-bid contracts in Iraq. Yes, big contributors, there is a Santa Claus."

To critics, 527 groups give candidates and their campaigns the ability to engage in mudslinging or vicious attacks without being held directly accountable. 

Peter Fenn

Peter Fenn, a political communications consultant for Democrats says, "Most of these so-called independent groups are not independent at all. They may not be working on direct orders from the candidate or the party, but they know what the issues are. They are part and parcel of the campaign.

But other political analysts disagree. Brian Darling is one. He is with the conservative Washington, D.C. research group The Heritage Foundation and says, "They are completely uncontrolled by campaigns, and there is a concern that these independent groups may run ads that nobody can control, and it takes over the message of each candidate."

Brian Darling

527 groups do not just operate during presidential campaigns. They also work at the state level. A conservative anti-tax group called Club for Growth stepped into a 2006 U.S. Congress race in the state of Ohio.

Club for Growth Ohio TV ad
"Who will stop the waste and stand up for taxpayers? 'Tax and Spend' Bob Latta, or conservative Steve Buehrer?"

Some political observers say that because 527 groups were so effective, we can well expect similar independent attack ads on both sides in the 2008 race for the White House.